The purpose of this article is to examine the causes of migration in sub-Saharan Africa and to determine whether floods, droughts, or sea-level rise is most influential in the region. Additionally, the authors provided their ideas for how sub-Saharan Africa should proceed. The determination by examining periods of migration was that although all of these disasters make people want to migrate they did not correlate with migration as well as other factors. Economic and social factors were listed as the most influential on migration, but the authors note that this will likely change and that these factors pair with the climate factors. The authors establish a 6 stage plan to deal with climate migration. These stages are: Stage 1: assessing the situation in endangered regions, Stage 2: understanding the priorities of endangered governments, Stage 3: forming action plans, Stage 4: financing these plans, Stage 5: implementing the plan, and Stage 6: monitoring and evaluating the impact of the plan.

Catastrophic drought has thrust tens of millions of people in East Africa into acute food insecurity, raising the specter of famine. The extreme weather crisis, which follows years of conflict and economic disaster, has compounded long-running humanitarian challenges affecting refugees and internally displaced people, as this article explains.

This report draws connections between climate change, disasters, environmental degradation, and human mobility in Ethiopia. It evaluates socio-economic dynamics, climate trends, land use, human development trends, food security, and migration trends to guide policymakers dealing with climate impacts and the factors driving population movement to and from vulnerable areas of the country.

This article discusses the droughts in Somalia that have led to increased urbanization. There has been a steady increase in urban population density, which has made finding work or food in the city difficult. While these people are migrating due to the drought or prolonged conflict, they are mostly internally displaced, making development and stabilization in the distressed area difficult. The research is very well presented, but there is not much description of whether the displaced people are due to the drought or conflict. They assume both, then focus on the drought as a mover. Additionally, they call for a shift in policymaking and development strategies in Somalia, which I agree is necessary, but there is little suggestion as to how these implementations can be made in such a devastated area.

This comparative study aims to explain the response of the governments in Odisha and Mozambique during and after the cyclones. Furthermore, it tries to show the damage of repeated disasters on displaced populations. The people in Odisha have begun to migrate because of repeated cyclones in the region, damaging the economy there despite the government's rather successful response to each disaster. On the other hand, repeated climate disasters in Mozambique have left people vulnerable, but due to government instability, there has not been an option for many displaced people to find improved resettlement. Of the research shared in this journal, this comparative examination was of the most interest to me because it shows how stronger local governments are a huge benefit prior to and immediately after disasters.

Ahmed argues that wealthy countries have made the largest contribution to climate change and that developing countries feel the consequences the most, making them victim countries. The example used by Ahmed is Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been the victim of external occupation for centuries, which has placed it in a state of underdevelopment. While progress has been made using progressive policymaking, empowering women, and industrializing, natural disasters have been wreaking havoc on Bangladesh. Many Bangladeshi have been forced to migrate because climate change has left their community unlivable. CO2 is identified as the leading contributor to climate change, and Ahmed showcases the disproportionate CO2 emission levels between developed and victim countries. Ahmed believes that developed countries should be responsible for hosting climate refugees in proportion to the CO2 they emit. He also claims that, ultimately, justice can only be found for climate refugees if there is an international convention discussing the responsibility for and protection of climate refugees.

The authors argue that climate change is a threat multiplier to things like economic, political, and cultural issues. This means that they think many climate migrants are migrating for other reasons. Furthermore, their research highlights the circumstances that trap people who need to migrate from extreme environmental conditions. It has become clear to them that many people who face extreme climate circumstances cannot migrate because of conflict or other hindrances. Additionally, some migrants have been hindered because the international community uses the term trapped. Calling a group trapped allows the international community to avoid granting aid. The objective of this article was to warn groups from using terminology like trapped to increase the pressure on the international community to act.

Climate change is compounding the drivers of displacement and international migration in Afghanistan, which has one of world's largest populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs). This article examines the climate and environmental linkages to displacement and migration, as well as the policy approaches taken by the Taliban and predecessor governments, particularly as they relate to water resources management.

Migration can help build resilience against the encroaching effects of climate change. Instead of being passive victims of environmental degradation, individuals sometimes move to gain money, knowledge, and skills that can fortify their household of origin. Migrant workers from Thailand demonstrate how and under what conditions this process works.

This paper surveys the thoughts of the Japanese public surrounding climate change and aid. People were asked the extent of aid that should be given under situations involving different severities and rates of disaster, as well as the type of aid. The results show that Japan tends to be open to sending aid to places facing disasters without any blockades. Additionally, the researchers found that the quantity of migrants affects the acceptance of them in Japan’s public. The more migrants, the worse they are received. One interesting change between this study and others is that these researchers found it more likely that people would accept migrants' displacement gradually rather than from complete and immediate forced migration. Other studies found the phenomenon to be the opposite. Typically, when surveys find some form of drastic change like this, additional studies should be done. I find it hard to trust the results because other studies found different results. This study should call on additional research into the acceptance of climate migrants into Japanese society.

This research examines media reporting about the 2019 Kerala flood in India. Specifically, it tries to examine the migration of one of the groups most affected by the flood: the Adivasi population. Most of the media coverage surrounded displacement camps set up by local authorities, but the media rarely mentioned the Adivasi people. This meant that the people who were most affected were treated almost as if there were an invisible scheme.

This comparative study aims to explain the response of the governments in Odisha and Mozambique during and after the cyclones. Furthermore, it tries to show the damage of repeated disasters on displaced populations. The people in Odisha have begun to migrate because of repeated cyclones in the region, damaging the economy there despite the government's rather successful response to each disaster. On the other hand, repeated climate disasters in Mozambique have left people vulnerable, but due to government instability, there has not been an option for many displaced people to find improved resettlement. Of the research shared in this journal, this comparative examination was of the most interest to me because it shows how stronger local governments are a huge benefit prior to and immediately after disasters.

The goal of this article is to share the effects of climate change on Saami health and culture and then recognize the gaps between Saami health and other people living in the Sápmi region. The findings of this research are that historically, the Saami people have had better health results than other populations in the region. This is largely because of their culture, but as climate change affects the region it has become more difficult to practice their culture. For example, the change in reindeer migration patterns has hindered their reliance on the animals. These changes have had adverse effects on Saami mental and physical health over time. Suicide rates have increased, and the removal of key food sources has triggered dietary shifts for the people. This has caused the overall health results of the Saami people to begin showing similar results to the rest of the population.

This paper describes the trust in governments after an environmental displacement event. Examining the flood in Budrio, Italy, that displaced 300 people and the government's response shows the long-term damage to government trust after disasters. Many people in Budrio felt the local and regional government did not do enough to help the displaced and rebuild, which has led to continued distrust and dissatisfaction in the region.

The research shows the conditions attributed to a community's willingness to migrate away from disaster-prone areas. Venice has been facing problems as sea-level rise has left property in the area on the brink of being submerged. However, the Venetians are a proud group of people who hear the reports that their city is in danger and adapt. They have become emboldened to stay and almost defend their city from the sea. Adaptive infrastructure has begun construction to protect the people living in the sinking city. In conjunction with the last, I thought this paper offered an interesting perspective on why people migrate and the thought process of affected populations during and after a disaster.

This case from the Supreme Court of Cassation in Italy discusses the Consolidated Immigration Act (Legislative Decree) No. 286 (1998). It concerns whether humanitarian protection should be granted to individuals exposed to a real risk to their right to life in their country of origin when such risk is due to an adverse social, environmental, or climate situation rather than an armed conflict.

This article focuses on the towns of Tapay and Cabaconde which both have very agricultural-heavy economies. The effects of climate change have caused a scarcity of water, so the people in these cities have become or might need to become reliant on the government. Most people in these communities acknowledge that climate change is the issue; however, to them, the problem is their own practices. Between 1940 and 2017, these communities saw large population declines; however, during festivals in these towns, many people migrated back. Some of the people return to these cities permanently in hopes of teaching the communities new sustainable methods of water management and agricultural production. This raises the idea that in some communities, the norm is migratory adaptation rather than adaptive migration.

A disproportionate number of Central American migrants traveling through Mexico to the United States come from Honduras, driven by government corruption, the impacts of the coronavirus pandemic, and hurricanes that have devastated communities and livelihoods. This article examines the multiple factors behind migration from the country, drawing from interviews with migrants en route.

Climate change has had a devastating impact on many poor Central American farmers, which can contribute to food insecurity and may be prompting migration from the region's Dry Corridor. But the process is not straightforward. As this article explains, most poor farmers rely on a combination of buying, cultivating, and foraging for their food, which makes it difficult to predict how people will react to individual climate events.

The discovery of massive oil reserves off the Guyana coast will bring immense riches to this small South American country. This windfall will draw migrant labor and the return of some diaspora members to Guyana, which has one of the world's highest emigration rates. It also could accelerate climate displacement in a country where 90 percent of the population lives in coastal areas below sea level. This article explores the changes ahead.

The movement of Central Americans toward the United States has long shaped regional migration dynamics. Yet, recent changes in the volume and characteristics of those on the move have spurred renewed interest among the region’s governments in cooperating to address the root causes of irregular migration and promote safe, orderly, and regular movement. To inform these discussions, this report explores the factors that drive people in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to consider and decide to migrate irregularly or regularly, as well as the costs and economic implications of migration for households and communities throughout the region. The findings draw from a unique in-person survey of nearly 5,000 households in 12 departments across the three countries, complemented by a nationally representative online survey with more than 6,000 individual responses. Conducted in Spring 2021 amid the economic instability and changing migration policies brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, these surveys capture a snapshot of migration decision-making during a particularly dynamic period and point to important opportunities for regional collaboration. The report is the result of collaboration between MPI, the UN World Food Programme, and the Civic Data Design Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Migration is not new to Huehuetenango or to the other departments that make up Guatemala’s Western Highlands, but it has accelerated noticeably in recent years and become much more focused on the United States. In the Western Highlands, one of Guatemala’s poorest and most rural regions, money sent by migrants has become a key resource, helping families and communities improve their housing, clothing, nutrition, education, and more. While unauthorized migration has become a lifeline and an increasingly common pathway to opportunity for many families in the Western Highlands, it also exposes migrants to significant risks and divides families. A critical first step toward developing alternatives to irregular migration—both within Guatemala and through opportunities to migrate via legal channels—is to understand the underlying causes and the more specific, immediate triggers that drive people to leave. This study, the result of a collaboration between MPI and the Guatemalan nongovernmental organization Asociación Pop No’j, seeks to support this understanding through a close look at the patterns and drivers of emigration from Huehuetenango, as well as potential strategies to address push factors and create alternatives to unauthorized migration. It draws in part on more than 50 interviews conducted in Spring and Summer 2021 with community leaders, service providers, local and national government officials, leading scholars, and others.

The ways in which migration is woven into the fabric of northern Central American societies are both complex and changing. El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras are most commonly thought of as countries of emigration: nearly 3.2 million nationals of these three countries (10 percent of their combined population) were living in the United States as of 2019, and global remittance flows made up roughly one-fifth to one-quarter of each country’s GDP in 2021. These Central Americans’ movements have been driven by an interconnected web of factors, including uneven economic growth, political instability, violence, and increasingly, natural disasters exacerbated by climate change. Irregular migration has reached record highs across the region, instigating political crises in some places and drawing pressure from the United States and Mexico to double down on enforcement. Opportunities for Central Americans to move abroad through regular migration channels are scarce, but as policymakers increasingly frame migration management as a regional responsibility, there has been talk of expanding them, particularly for temporary work. At the same time, migrants from South America and the Caribbean (including Haitians and Venezuelans) have begun to cross through Central America in greater numbers, and more former emigrants are returning. These trends have created new challenges for countries with unevenly developed systems to conduct immigration enforcement, provide humanitarian protection, and reintegrate their own nationals. A complex set of interconnected, yet sometimes contradictory, narratives has developed to explain what drives these diverse movements and how to best manage them. This study presents the findings of research conducted by the Migration Policy Institute, RAND Corporation, Metropolitan Group, and National Immigration Forum, which compared salient migration narratives within El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras—as well as a selection of migration narratives from Mexico and the United States that relate to Central America—over the 2018–22 period. The research strives to better understand narrative patterns and contradictions and how the stories told along the entire migration continuum—from predeparture to transit to emigration to return—interact with policy. The study examined more than 200 documents (including government policy documents, local and national media articles, and reports by international and nongovernmental organizations), supplemented with relevant background literature, public opinion polling, and data on migration trends.

In Brumadinho, the Mariana dam failure devastated unprepared populations, leaving many Brazilians displaced. After the failure of the dam, the government was slow to respond, and it seemed like there was no plan to prevent this failure or curtail the damage of the dam's failure. This paper highlights the affected populations, shows the specific problems with the 2015 failure, and calls on governments everywhere to create plans surrounding the failure of critical infrastructure so that the immediate response is not so poor. I thought this paper offered interesting insight, but it was unclear whether a dam failure like this should be included as a climate disaster.

The Caribbean is commonly viewed as a region of emigration, and some countries do have sizeable diasporas in North America and Europe. But many people also move among Caribbean countries—for work or study, to join family, or to seek safety from persecution. Climate change and natural disasters have also spurred intraregional migration and are likely to do so with growing intensity in the years to come. This report explores the many different forms migration takes in the Caribbean and the policies and institutions in place in the region to manage it. The primary countries of study are the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. To a more limited extent, the study also covers Aruba, Curaçao, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), and the remaining Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Member States. Among other things, the report offers data on immigrant populations in the region overall and in different countries, and an overview of national migration and humanitarian protection institutions, regional free mobility pathways and agreements, and immigrant integration policies. It also looks at how Caribbean countries have increasingly sought to engage their diasporas, including via remittances and private-sector development efforts.

With migration from Central America increasing, the region from Canada to Panama faces an opportunity to build an effective regional approach to migration by focusing on several areas that are ripe for significant policy innovation. This commentary sketches a vision, offering a road map to more detailed research that outlines strategies for cooperation on legal pathways, humanitarian protection, migration management, and sustainable development.

This group's scholarly article questions the acknowledgment of climate change, the acceptance that it is human-caused, and the support of climate refugee policies in Australia and New Zealand. The research surveyed members of the five dominant parties in New Zealand and Australia to ask the following questions: 1) Is climate change real? 2) Do you support the climate refugee policy? 3) Do you think climate change is caused by humans? The results show that the majority of each party’s responders agreed that climate change is real, climate refugees should be addressed, and climate change is caused by people. Although the majority were in agreement the responses did show that members of more conservative parties were slightly less in agreement. The authors use this data to suggest these parties work on cross-partisan policies that address these issue areas, but these parties have not worked together yet.

This paper discusses the bushfires in Australia that caused drastic internal displacement. The goal is to use this case study to argue that governments are responsible for limiting forced migration and assisting those who have been displaced. Australia’s government has adapted to the repeated bushfires by increasing funding to its fire department. Additionally, Australia has spent lots of money on protecting indigenous species that have also been endangered by the fires.