These authors discuss the negative health effects climate change and climate crises (CCC) have on women’s health. They highlight the effects that extreme heat, droughts, and other stressful environmental extremities can have on reproductive health. Interestingly, they bring up that in many situations of climate migration, men leave their spouses to establish roots before bringing their families. This leaves women vulnerable to the extreme climate conditions alone, without half of their family unit's income. The authors argue that women have also been subject to more persecution and are sexually vulnerable with their spouses gone. I would recommend this article to anyone trying to make connections between feminist theory and climate migration, but if you choose to read this article, understand that only about 20% of it addresses climate migration.

This article addresses existing international migration law and identifies its shortcomings when applied to climate migration. Borràs-Pentinat makes it clear that women require more legal protections in instances of migration, especially as climate migration becomes much more common. Furthermore, skill training should be made available to women who move to a new country and might be expected to work as an additional income for their family unit. It has also been noticeable to Borràs-Pentinat that migrant women are often subjected to restrictions on their rights in the new country at a disproportionate rate than migrant men. The Geneva Convention is used as a framework for how Borràs-Pentinat believes migrants should be treated in climate-related migration. This would involve implementing non-retrenchment to protect these migrants whose homes are no longer habitable from being deported.

The article describes the injustices faced by what Myrttinen refers to as irregular migrants. These irregular migrants are migrants from conflict or climate-related situations. Myrttinen suggests that gender cannot detail all of the injustices faced by irregular migrants so other factors need to be considered. Policymaking needs to address all the nuances individual migrants face to eliminate injustices on everyone, especially when the violations are based on gender. Irregular migrants need exceptional aid to ensure their vulnerabilities are not exploited. I appreciate this article because it establishes that climate emergencies are not always the only factor causing migration, however, this does mean the sole focus is not on climate migration.

This article is great for understanding the conditions within refugee camps. Bose argues that more research should be done on the effects climate change has on refugee camps. He uses three existing camps to describe how refugees fleeing political, economic, or environmental crises interact. The issues facing these groups are lack of resources, overcrowding, and now extreme weather. Since these refugees have been facing things like droughts, heat waves, or flooding some people have decided to leave the refugee camps, otherwise, the ability of these migrants to be taken care of is severely diminished.

The book discusses the increase in migration globally and calls for reforms in emergency housing. As more people are forced to migrate due to climate change it becomes more apparent that emergency housing is not meeting sufficient standards. The authors claim that emergency housing is not designed with comfort in mind and is usually meant to last for just 3 years. This causes issues for migrants because comfortable housing can make it easier to adapt to new communities and the short-term intent of the housing causes issues for the community because the homes are wasting materials. The solution to these problems, provided by the authors, is to listen to communities when designing emergency housing. By including the voices of refugees and the local community, the hosts can more effectively meet the needs of the migrants and build using sustainable materials that are readily available to the community.

Despite years of alarmist discourse that climate change will lead to hundreds of millions, if not billions, of people moving to the Global North, funding the scale of efforts needed to address climate migration remains a persistent challenge. This commentary examines the gaps between climate donors and migration actors and offers recommendations to begin to break the silos.

Extreme-weather events, such as tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, and intense heat, are shaping migration and displacement in countries around the world, and climate change is likely to make events like these more intense and more frequent. The effects of such conditions vary across regions and can spark a range of migration outcomes—both increases and decreases in movement along existing routes, the creation of new routes, and growth in the number of people who may want or need to move but who are unable to do so. But while the potential of climate change to affect human mobility is widely recognized, estimating future climate-related migration and displacement is made difficult by uncertainty surrounding the future of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and of sustainable development and migration policies. This Transatlantic Council on Migration report describes the findings of a first-of-its-kind exercise to explore how future climatic conditions under standardized greenhouse gas concentration scenarios may affect climate-related drivers of migration and displacement, and how international development and migration policies may mediate (or exacerbate) migration outcomes. It considers how this may play out in two periods (2020–50 and 2050–2100), and in top source regions for international migration: East and Southeast Asia, South and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Climate change is compounding the drivers of displacement and international migration in Afghanistan, which has one of world's largest populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs). This article examines the climate and environmental linkages to displacement and migration, as well as the policy approaches taken by the Taliban and predecessor governments, particularly as they relate to water resources management.

Migration can help build resilience against the encroaching effects of climate change. Instead of being passive victims of environmental degradation, individuals sometimes move to gain money, knowledge, and skills that can fortify their household of origin. Migrant workers from Thailand demonstrate how and under what conditions this process works.

Researchers often seek to predict how many people will move due to climate change, but beyond the inherent forecasting difficulties, their work is complicated by the fact that terms such as "climate migrant" are nebulous and migration drivers are often multifaceted. Instead, this article explains why analysts might ask how climate change will reshape existing patterns of migration and immobility.

This report draws connections between climate change, disasters, environmental degradation, and human mobility in Ethiopia. It evaluates socio-economic dynamics, climate trends, land use, human development trends, food security, and migration trends to guide policymakers dealing with climate impacts and the factors driving population movement to and from vulnerable areas of the country.

This paper surveys the thoughts of the Japanese public surrounding climate change and aid. People were asked the extent of aid that should be given under situations involving different severities and rates of disaster, as well as the type of aid. The results show that Japan tends to be open to sending aid to places facing disasters without any blockades. Additionally, the researchers found that the quantity of migrants affects the acceptance of them in Japan’s public. The more migrants, the worse they are received. One interesting change between this study and others is that these researchers found it more likely that people would accept migrants' displacement gradually rather than from complete and immediate forced migration. Other studies found the phenomenon to be the opposite. Typically, when surveys find some form of drastic change like this, additional studies should be done. I find it hard to trust the results because other studies found different results. This study should call on additional research into the acceptance of climate migrants into Japanese society.

This article evaluates which bodies of the United Nations are best equipped to address forced migration caused by climate change and recommends the creation of a Climate Change Displacement Coordination Facility within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It describes the long-term vision and goals of such a facility and argues why it would be more successful than an amendment of the 1951 Refugee Convention or a new treaty.

This book is interested in highlighting the needs of the humanitarian sector in responding to climate issues and forced displacement. There are numerous chapters dealing with various case studies. I recommend it to anyone interested in learning about the past, current, and future of disaster and migration responses. The authors work hard to advocate for a more positive future when discussing “crisis migrants” and the use of climate adaptation. Since the book deals with “crisis migration,” not climate-induced migration, it is important that if you are interested just in climate migration, be selective over which chapters you read. I should note that I read only select chapters that primarily dealt with climate migration. This chapter briefly detailed cases in Kenya, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Ethiopia, and Ghana that show how climate-affected countries are becoming more prone to increases in migration.

As environmental disasters and the impacts of climate change worsen, their effects on migration and displacement are becoming increasingly clear. Most climate-related displacement remains within a country’s territory, but when people cross borders, it poses particularly tricky challenges. Policymakers in destination countries face the task of simultaneously managing borders and migration while being sensitive to arriving migrants’ emergency assistance and international protection needs. However, the migration and refugee policy tools available are rarely, if ever, designed with climate displacement in mind. Instead, policymakers should seek to cultivate a wider set of tools not grounded solely in international protection and to understand their trade-offs. Broader options that can be used to proactively enable safe climate mobility include facilitating safe, orderly entry for climate-displaced persons; providing flexible forms of status; strengthening climate-affected people's access to mainstream mobility options; and creating bespoke climate mobility pathways.

The ways in which migration is woven into the fabric of northern Central American societies are both complex and changing. El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras are most commonly thought of as countries of emigration: nearly 3.2 million nationals of these three countries (10 percent of their combined population) were living in the United States as of 2019, and global remittance flows made up roughly one-fifth to one-quarter of each country’s GDP in 2021. These Central Americans’ movements have been driven by an interconnected web of factors, including uneven economic growth, political instability, violence, and increasingly, natural disasters exacerbated by climate change. Irregular migration has reached record highs across the region, instigating political crises in some places and drawing pressure from the United States and Mexico to double down on enforcement. Opportunities for Central Americans to move abroad through regular migration channels are scarce, but as policymakers increasingly frame migration management as a regional responsibility, there has been talk of expanding them, particularly for temporary work. At the same time, migrants from South America and the Caribbean (including Haitians and Venezuelans) have begun to cross through Central America in greater numbers, and more former emigrants are returning. These trends have created new challenges for countries with unevenly developed systems to conduct immigration enforcement, provide humanitarian protection, and reintegrate their own nationals. A complex set of interconnected, yet sometimes contradictory, narratives has developed to explain what drives these diverse movements, and how to best manage them. This study presents the findings of research conducted by the Migration Policy Institute, RAND Corporation, Metropolitan Group, and National Immigration Forum, which compared salient migration narratives within El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras—as well as a selection of migration narratives from Mexico and the United States that relate to Central America—over the 2018–22 period. The research strives to better understand narrative patterns and contradictions, and how the stories told along the entire migration continuum—from predeparture to transit to emigration to return—interact with policy. The study examined more than 200 documents (including government policy documents, local and national media articles, and reports by international and nongovernmental organizations), supplemented with relevant background literature, public opinion polling, and data on migration trends.

Ahmed argues that wealthy countries have made the largest contribution to climate change and that developing countries feel the consequences the most, making them victim countries. The example used by Ahmed is Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been the victim of external occupation for centuries which has placed it in a state of underdevelopment. While progress has been made using progressive policymaking, empowering women, and industrializing natural disasters have been wreaking havoc on Bangladesh. Many Bangladeshi have been forced to migrate because climate change has left their community unlivable. CO2 is identified as the leading contributor to climate change and Ahmed showcases the disproportionate CO2 emission levels between developed and victim countries. Ahmed believes that developed countries should be responsible for hosting climate refugees in proportion to the CO2 they emit. He also claims that ultimately, justice can be only found for climate refugees if there is an international convention discussing the responsibility for and protection of climate refugees.

The authors argue that climate change is a threat multiplier to things like economic, political, and cultural issues which causes migration to reflect other causes. Furthermore, their research highlights the circumstances that trap people who need to migrate from extreme environmental conditions. It has become clear to them that many people who face extreme climate circumstances cannot migrate because of conflict or other hindrances. Additionally, some migrants have been hindered because the international community uses the term trapped. Calling a group trapped allows the international community to avoid granting aid. The objective of this article was to warn groups from using terminology like trapped to increase the pressure on the international community to act.

The purpose of this article is to examine the causes of migration in sub-Saharan Africa and to determine whether floods, droughts, or sea-level rise is most influential in the region. Additionally, the authors provided their ideas for how sub-Saharan Africa should proceed. The determination by examining periods of migration was that although all of these disasters make people want to migrate they did not correlate with migration as well as other factors. Economic and social factors were listed as the most influential on migration, but the authors note that this will likely change and that these factors pair with the climate factors. The authors establish a 6 stage plan to deal with climate migration. These stages are, Stage 1: assessing the situation in endangered regions, Stage 2: understanding the priorities of endangered governments, Stage 3: forming action plans, Stage 4: financing these plans, Stage 5: implementing the plan, and Stage 6: monitoring and evaluating the impact of the plan.

This group scholarly article questions the acknowledgment of climate change, the acceptance that it is human-caused, and the support of climate refugee policies in Australia and New Zealand. The research surveyed members of the five dominant parties in New Zealand and Australia to ask the questions; 1) is climate change real? 2) do you support climate refugee policy? 3) do you think climate change is caused by humans? The results show that the majority of each party’s responders agreed that climate change is real, climate refugees should be addressed, and climate change is caused by people. Although the majority were in agreement the responses did show that members of more conservative parties were slightly less in agreement. The authors use this data to suggest these parties work on cross-partisan policies that address these issue areas, but these parties have not worked together yet.

This article briefly details the current status of climate refugees. It contains many personal stories from climate migrants and reiterates that the UN does not have an obligation to protect climate migrants. However, it recognizes that it tries to apply the UN protections given to refugees of armed conflicts whenever the situation could be dual caused. Furthermore, since there has been an increase in climate migrants and internally displaced climate migrants, the UN seems to recognize that something needs to be done. The actions the UN prescribes as a solution to climate migration in this article include increasing financial support and effectiveness, accelerating climate change mitigation efforts, ensuring human rights are upheld, and providing those affected by climate change with a voice. These efforts may seem minor, but the fact that the UNHCR has recognized these goals regarding climate migrants does demonstrate a step towards greater progress.

This book is interested in highlighting the needs of the humanitarian sector in responding to climate issues and forced displacement. There are numerous chapters dealing with various case studies. I recommend it to anyone interested in learning about the past, current, and future of disaster and migration responses. The authors work hard to advocate for a more positive future when discussing “crisis migrants” and the use of climate adaptation. Since the book deals with “crisis migration,” not climate-induced migration, it is important that if you are interested just in climate migration, be selective over which chapters you read. I should note that I read only select chapters that primarily dealt with climate migration. This chapter briefly detailed cases in Kenya, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Ethiopia, and Ghana that show how climate-affected countries are becoming more prone to increases in migration.

Climate change is reshaping global migration dynamics, particularly in low- and middle-income countries that face some of its harshest impacts and that have the fewest resources to prepare and adapt. Many of these countries also welcome back significant numbers of returning migrants, who often settle in areas affected by disasters and environmental degradation. Thus, the reintegration challenges returnees typically face—including finding work and housing—are compounded in areas where slow and rapid-onset climate events are negatively affecting livelihoods, the housing supply, and community dynamics. These factors can undermine migrants’ ability to re-establish themselves after return and have driven some policymakers and practitioners to explore “green” approaches to providing reintegration assistance that are responsive to environmental and climate considerations.

Governments worldwide have committed to decarbonizing their economies, but these goals are being impeded by difficulties attracting workers with the necessary skills into the green economy. Going forward, governments will need to more proactively monitor and steer these shifts if they are to maximize immigration’s ability to help alleviate green labor shortages. The urgency and scale of the green transition could also provide much-needed impetus for governments to work together with industry to address pervasive barriers to skills mobility. Balancing immigration policy alongside investments in skilling and training has been a perpetual challenge, but the green transition offers a unique opportunity to build inclusive, productive, and sustainable economies and labor markets.

This article focuses on the towns of Tapay and Cabaconde who both have very agricultural-heavy economies. The effects of climate change have caused a scarcity of water so the people in these cities have become or might need to become reliant on the government. Most people in these communities acknowledge that climate change is the issue, however, to them, the problem is their own practices. Between 1940 and 2017, these communities saw large population declines, however, during festivals in these towns many people migrated back. Some of the people return to these cities permanently in hopes of teaching the communities new sustainable methods of water management and agricultural production. This raises the idea that in some communities the norm is migratory adaptation, rather than adaptive migration.

Climate change has had a devastating impact on many poor Central American farmers, which can contribute to food insecurity and may be prompting migration from the region's Dry Corridor. But the process is not straightforward. As this article explains, most poor farmers rely on a combination of buying, cultivating, and foraging for their food, which makes it difficult to predict how people will react to individual climate events.

Catastrophic drought has thrust tens of millions of people in East Africa into acute food insecurity, raising the specter of famine. The extreme weather crisis, which follows years of conflict and economic disaster, has compounded long-running humanitarian challenges affecting refugees and internally displaced people, as this article explains.

The discovery of massive oil reserves off the Guyana coast will bring immense riches to this small South American country. This windfall will draw migrant labor and the return of some diaspora members to Guyana, which has one of the world's highest emigration rates. It also could accelerate climate displacement in a country where 90 percent of the population lives in coastal areas below the sea level. This article explores the changes ahead.

The movement of Central Americans toward the United States has long shaped regional migration dynamics. Yet, recent changes in the volume and characteristics of those on the move have spurred renewed interest among the region’s governments in cooperating to address the root causes of irregular migration and promote safe, orderly, and regular movement. To inform these discussions, this report explores the factors that drive people in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to consider and decide to migrate irregularly or regularly, as well as the costs and economic implications of migration for households and communities throughout the region. The findings draw from a unique in-person survey of nearly 5,000 households in 12 departments across the three countries, complemented by a nationally representative online survey with more than 6,000 individual responses. Conducted in Spring 2021 amid the economic instability and changing migration policies brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, these surveys capture a snapshot of migration decision-making during a particularly dynamic period and point to important opportunities for regional collaboration. The report is the result of collaboration between MPI, the UN World Food Programme, and the Civic Data Design Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Migration is not new to Huehuetenango or to the other departments that make up Guatemala’s Western Highlands, but it has accelerated noticeably in recent years and become much more focused on the United States. In the Western Highlands, one of Guatemala’s poorest and most rural regions, money sent by migrants has become a key resource, helping families and communities improve their housing, clothing, nutrition, education, and more. While unauthorized migration has become a lifeline and an increasingly common pathway to opportunity for many families in the Western Highlands, it also exposes migrants to significant risks and divides families. A critical first step toward developing alternatives to irregular migration—both within Guatemala and through opportunities to migrate via legal channels—is to understand the underlying causes and the more specific, immediate triggers that drive people to leave. This study, the result of a collaboration between MPI and the Guatemalan nongovernmental organization Asociación Pop No’j, seeks to support this understanding through a close look at the patterns and drivers of emigration from Huehuetenango, as well as potential strategies to address push factors and create alternatives to unauthorized migration. It draws in part on more than 50 interviews conducted in Spring and Summer 2021 with community leaders, service providers, local and national government officials, leading scholars, and others.

As climate change increasingly contributes to migration and displacement in many parts of the world, there is a pressing need for measures that build resilience and prevent displacement, as well as those that help climate-affected people move to safety and support receiving communities. Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are critical, if sometimes overlooked, players because they can invest in large-scale projects that contribute to sustainable development, primarily in low and middle-income countries.

This report explores the unique role of MDBs in the climate finance landscape and highlights opportunities for migration, humanitarian, and other key actors to partner with them on projects that effectively target climate-related migration and displacement. After reviewing the evidence on the complex linkages between climate and mobility, the report examines MDBs’ climate-related work to date, challenges they face in scaling up these efforts, and strategies to begin to address hurdles. These recommendations include learning from past MDB investments that have touched on climate migration, funding data collection or sharing to strengthen understanding of climate migration trends, and developing partnerships to support policy and project development, financing, and implementation.

The authors are mostly concerned with the health of climate migrants moving through Latin American countries into the US. This articles focus on how public health systems for countries in the Americas accommodate migrants. Risks facing climate migrants include food insecurity, improper legal protections, and human trafficking, and the authors express that children are more likely to fall victim to these threats. This paper suggests that repairing inadequate healthcare procedures for and guaranteeing the dignity of climate migrants requires legal protections similar to those given to refugees. Furthermore, there needs to be a greater focus on child protection throughout known migrant corridors to ensure the present and future livelihoods of migrant children are not damaged. This reading is not specifically covering the nexus of climate migration and human trafficking, but it does identify systemic flaws permitting climate migrants and trafficked individuals to face scant human rights.